Information Technology

INTRODUCTION:

  Information Technology has a great contribution for the development of the world. IT sector is an important sector for the developing countries like us. Without a good hand in this sector no nation can prosper in the era of globalization. IT has a great application to build up a modern civilization.  To accelerate the development of a country it is needed to develop its IT sector. In the time of modern civilization the world is consider as a global village. So the distance from one country to another is decreases day by day. So every country tries to keep update every moment. They try to-do something better from other. So the competition becomes harder day by day. So to keep place in the global village we have to do something batter.as a  developing country we have many problems but we have to overcome them and do something good for the betterment of ourselves, our world  and our next generation.

Information Technology: Science has been described as "the means of understanding the natural environment", while technology is "the means of controlling and managing it". Hence Science and Technology together cover the gathering and generation of information about the material world and the application of that information for the welfare of mankind.

Actually IT is the study and use of electronic process and equipment to store and send information of all kinds, including words, pictures and numbers.

But we use the term information technology or IT to refer to an entire industry. In actuality, information technology is the use of computers and software to manage information. In some companies, this is referred to as Management Information Services (or MIS) or simply as Information Services (or IS). The information technology department of a large company would be responsible for storing information, protecting information, processing the information, transmitting the information as necessary, and later retrieving information as necessary.

A History of Information Technology and Systems: The history of information technology is fascinating! We can divider it in four periods.

• Four basic periods
  Characterized by a principal technology used to solve the communication problems input, processing, output and of the time:

1.   Premechanical,
2.  Mechanical,
3. Electromechanical, and
4.  Electronic

A. The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.

 Writing and Alphabets—communication: First humans communicated only through speaking and picture drawings. In3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised conform .Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols .The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.

Paper and Pens--input technologies: Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wetly. About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant .Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based.

 Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices: Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books" .The Egyptians kept scrolls .Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together.

Ø The First Numbering Systems:  

Egyptian system: The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed.

Ø The First Calculators: The Abacus One of the very first information processors.

B. The Mechanical Age: 1450 - 1840

 The First Information Explosion: Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany) invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450. And the development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers.

 The first general purpose "computers" :Actually people who held the job title "computer: one who works with numbers."

                        Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine:

                        Slide Rule: Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented the slide rule. Early example of an analog computer.

           The Pascaline: Invented by Blasé Pascal (1623-62).One of the first mechanical computing machines, around 1642.

           Leibniz's Machine: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), German mathematician and philosopher.
           Babbage's Engines: Charles Babbage (1792-1871), eccentric English mathematician
           The Difference Engine: Working model created in 1822. The "method of differences".

           The Analytical Engine: Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom. Designed during the 1830s Parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers. It contains:

ü The "store"

ü The "mill"

ü Punch cards.

Punch card idea picked up by Babbage from Joseph Marie Jacquard's (1752-1834) loom. Which includes?

ü Introduced in 1801.

ü Binary logic

ü Fixed program that would operate in real time.

Augusta Ada Byron (1815-52): The first programmer

C. The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.

The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses.

Ø The Beginnings of Telecommunication.

Ø Voltaic Battery: Late 18th century.

Ø Telegraph: Early 1800s.

Ø Morse Code.: Developed in1835 by Samuel Morse .Dots and dashes.

Ø Telephone and Radio: Discovered by Alexander Graham Bell in1876. Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. These two events led to the invention of the radio by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894.

Ø Electromechanical Computing

·         Herman Hollerith and IBM: Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) in 1880 invented Census Machine and Early punch cards. The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) uses it in 1890.

Mark 1: Paper tape stored data and program instructions invented by Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University. It was completed at January 1942.It was8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick. It’s weight was 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts

D. The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present.

Ø First Tries: First Tries was invented early 1940s with electronic vacuum tubes by Eckert and Mauchly.

The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes:
The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes invented by Electronic Nu The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Which was consist with J. Presper Eckert, Jr.; John Grist Brainerd; Sam Feltman; Herman H. Goldstine; John W. Mauchly; Harold Pender; Major General G. L. Barnes; Colonel Paul N. Gillon. They named it “Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)”

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC): Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) invented in 1946 by useing vacuum tubes (not mechanical devices) to do its calculations. Hence,it was first electronic computer which developed by John Mauchly, a physicist, and J. Prosper Eckert, an electrical engineer from the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania and Funded by the U.S. Army. But it could not store its programs (its set of instructions)

The First Stored-Program Computer(s):

The Manchester University Mark I (prototype):Early 1940s, Mauchly and Eckert began to design the EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer. John von Neumann's influential report in June 1945 known as “The Report on the EDVAC" .British scientists used this report and outpaced the Americans. Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester University. Where the Manchester Mark I went into operation in June 1948--becoming the first stored-program computer. Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge University, completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) in 1949--two years before EDVAC was finished. Thus, EDSAC became the first stored-program computer in general use (i.e., not a prototype).

The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the development of a computer called UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer). First UNIVAC delivered to Census Bureau in 1951. But, a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) went into action a few months before UNIVAC and became the world's first commercial computer.

·        The Four Generations of Digital Computing.

·         The First Generation (1951-1958).

§  Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.

§  Punch cards to input and externally store data.

§  Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data and programs

·        Programs written in

·        Machine language

·        Assembly language

·        Requires a compiler.

The Second Generation (1959-1963).

1.     Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic element.

·        AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s

·        Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device called a transistor

2. Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices.

3. Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology.

·        High-level programming languages

·        E.g., FORTRAN and COBOL

The Third Generation (1964-1979): Individual transistors were replaced by integrated circuits. Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch cards as external storage devices. Magnetic core internal memories began to give way to a new form, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) memory, which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips.

·        Operating systems

·        Advanced programming languages like BASIC developed. This is where Bill Gates and Microsoft got their start in 1975.

 The Fourth Generation (1979- Present).

§  Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs and VLSICs)

§  Microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and control circuits (an entire CPU = Central Processing Unit) on a single chip.

·        This allowed for home-use personal computers or PCs, like the Apple (II and Mac) and IBM PC.

o   Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs.

§  Initially sold for $1,195 (without a monitor); had 16k RAM.

o   First Apple Mac released in 1984.

o   IBM PC introduced in 1981.

§  Debuts with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)

·        Fourth generation language software products

o   E.g., VisiCalc, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Microsoft Word, and many others.

o   Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for PCs arrive in early 1980s

§  MS Windows debuts in 1983, but is quite a clunker.

·        Windows wouldn't take off until version 3 was released in 1990
Apple's GUI (on the first Mac) debuts in 1984.  

IT AND OUTER WORLD: The advanced countries of the world are where they are today primarily because of their ability to use science and technology as effective tools for achieving their national objectives. These countries have changed the life-styles of their peoples through the cultivation and application of science and technology. The developing countries have fallen behind primarily because of their backwardness in this respect.

In the time of modern civilization the world is consider as a global village. So the distance from one country to another is decreases day by day. So every country tries to keep update. They try to-do something better from other. So the competition becomes harder day by day. So to keep place in the global village we have to do something batter. Singapore, UK, USA etc. country stay in the leading position.

IT AND BANGLADESH:  To accelerate the development of a country it is needed to develop its IT sector. Bangladesh is a developing country but its IT sector is not so rice. We have many problem in the sector but the matter of hope is that, our government has already taken some necessary step for the prosper of IT sector. The government has taken a decision recently to withdraw all import duties and VAT from all computer hardware and software. This has brought the prices of computers down to a level affordable by middle income households and sales of PCs have soared during the last few months. A 80-90% annual growth in the number of PCs sold is expected this year. They also work hard for a digital Bangladesh. From my sight I appreciate the concept. To create a digital Bangladesh we have to create educated manpower and increase the internet facilities in the rural areas. An Information Technology village is going to be set up very close to Dhaka. The government has already made 18 acres of land available for setting up this IT village. This would be similar to the Software Technology Parks in India. All the infrastructure, including high-speed telecommunication facilities ( 2 Mbps link) would be provided. These would enable the small companies to move into buildings with readily available facilities. Since this is going to take at least two years, a decision has been taken to initially set it up in an existing building in Dhaka.

In June, 1996 the government decided to allow private companies to act as Internet Services Providers (ISPs) using VSATs. At present, there are about 22,000 account holders with the ISPs ( 8 in Dhaka and 2 in Chittagong) and the total number of users would be around 100,000. The slow speed of access provided by VSATs (max. 128.8 kbps) is a major constraint. A number of Cybercafés providing e-mail and Internet browsing facilities have been opened in Dhaka city; these are quite popular among the young generation. Public kiosks with internet facilities are also being planned.

BTTB has already established a network for providing Internet connectivity and plans to start commercial service very soon. The proposed tariff rate should make Internet connection affordable to a larger cross-section of public. BTTB is also establishing a fiber optic backbone in the country. They also plan to offer ISDN service very soon using the facilities of the already installed digital exchanges in Dhaka and Chittagong cities.

In order to enable the young entrepreneurs in the IT field, a special fund has been created by the government to provide working capital loan without any collaterals. A venture capital fund is also being set up. The banking procedures are also being amended and simplified to reflect the different nature of software transactions.

Experience of other countries shows that it is very difficult to achieve success in exporting software unless there is a big domestic market. The government ministries and departments are being asked to computerize their activities. A domestic price preference of 15% would be given to suppliers of locally developed software.

Bangladeshi students have recently been participating in international programming contests. For example, in the ACM Inter-collegiate Programming Contest held at Atlanta, USA, last year, the team from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (which had earlier emerged as the regional champions) secured the 24th position, above many of the reputed universities in USA (including Stanford University). In the on-going ACM programming contest on Internet, the performance of Bangladeshi students is among the best - out of the top 25 positions, 17 are now occupied by Bangladeshis. In the Regional ACM Inter-collegiate Programming Contest held in Dhaka recently, teams from Bangladesh (particularly from BUET) performed much better than those from other countries of the region (including India, Sri Lanka and Iran).

Some of the local firms have already succeeded in exporting software, although the total amount is not very large. One firm has been producing CDs with searchable database for US and Latin American clients. CAD conversion work and web-page design work are also being undertaken. Taking advantage of the considerable number of COBOL programmers who were trained in the sixties and seventies, a number of firms are doing work related to the Y2K problem. ERP software is being developed by a local firm in partnership with Microsoft.

The government has placed top most priority to human resource development in the IT field. At present, the annual output of graduates in the IT field would be around 500. The target is to produce 10,000 programmers annually by the year 2001. There are about 24 Universities offering undergraduate degree programmers in IT-related fields. All the four BITs (at Rajshahi, Chittagong, Khulna and Gazipur) are also planning to offer undergraduate degree programmers in computer science and engineering from next year. The 20 Polytechnics are also introducing 3-year diploma programmers in Computer Technology. In addition, a large number of educational and training institutes, many of them with linkage with foreign institutions, are also offering training courses. One of the major problems faced by these institutions is the shortage of trainers. Recognizing this problem, the GOB Committee (referred to earlier) recommended that BCC should take up a crash programmed to train at least 1000 high-level trainers by the end of 1999. Moreover, the absence of adequate physical resources (e.g. computer hardware and software) and weakness in course contents in the training institutions will adversely affect the quality of output from these institutions. An accreditation system is planned to be introduced by the government soon.

BUET was the first institution to offer post-graduate degrees (M.Sc. and Ph.D.) in Computer Science and Engineering. Some other institutions have also initiated research programmers in IT related fields. These include Machine Learning, Pattern Recognition, Speech Recognition, Automatic Translation, Computational Algorithm, VLSI and 3-D Vision. Considerable research work has been done in the use of Bangla in computers. Unfortunately like R&D in other fields of science and technology, there is very little interaction between academia and industry.

Efforts were initiated about 13 years back to introduce computers in schools and colleges. ‘Computer Studies’ has been introduced as an optional subject both in SSC and HSC examinations. The lack of adequate physical facilities, computers and qualified teachers has resulted in very few students opting for these courses. Experience of other countries shows that teaching of computer programming by incompetent teachers may do more harm than good. Therefore, teacher training is one of the priority actions to be taken.

In order to co-ordinate the computerization activities of government and semi-government agencies a National Computer Committee was set up in 1983. This was transformed into the National Computer Board in 1988 and the Bangladesh Computer Council was set up in 1989 by an Act of Parliament. It had some initial problems and faced a lot of criticism from the IT community when it became more of a regulatory body, rather than a promotional body as originally envisaged. It is planned to strengthen BCC by inducting more IT professionals, so that it can play a bigger role in IT development in the public sector, particularly in human resource development.

A large number of Bangladeshis are now working in the IT field in different companies in USA and are gradually moving up the organizational hierarchy. The government is trying to get the assistance of these non-resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) in IT development, particularly by giving them incentives to set up software companies in Bangladesh.

The lack of any copyright protection for software has been one of the major deterrents in the growth of software industry. A software Copyright Protection Act has already been drafted and is expected to be enacted very soon.

Although the banking sector had been among the pioneers in computerization in Bangladesh, the present level of computer usage in banks is very low. The foreign banks operating in Bangladesh have taken a lead in computerizing their front office operations. It is only during the last 4/5 years that some of the Bangladeshi banks have started gradually computerizing their front office activities and very soon a network of automatic teller machines (ATMs) using VSATs would be set up by the private banks throughout the major towns.

At present, Internet access is available only in a few Universities. The University Grants Commission is setting up BERNET (Bangladesh Educational and Research Network) establishing linkage among the Universities and providing access to the Internet.

One of the major constraints in the initial stages of computerization of government offices was the non-availability of Bangla software and Bangla fonts in printers. The breakthrough came when the PCs were introduced in the early eighties and very soon desktop publishing using computers became very popular. Bangla versions of many of the commonly used packages like world processing, spreadsheet and database management have been developed.

Almost all the IT related developments which have taken place during the last few years are concentrated in the capital city, Dhaka; in other cities and towns, only a small number of computers are being used, mostly for word processing. (The government funded training institute NTRAMS at Bogra, with a few hundred PCs is a notable exception). The danger of increasing the already existing disparity between urban and rural areas looms large in the horizon. In order to enable rural populace to get the benefits of IT, Grameen Communications is trying to develop a system linking the mobile telephone systems (which are already being used in a large number of villages) with solar-powered computers. This would enable the large number of rural educational institutes, offices and households to get the benefits of e-mail and Internet access. Moreover, some of the data processing services could be rendered by people living in villages, rather than moving into urban areas.

The present government has recognized IT as one of the priority sectors and is providing all support to the private sector to enable them to enter the export market for software and data processing services. Recognizing the bright future of IT, a large number of students, young professionals and businessmen are taking keen interest in acquiring knowledge about computers and its applications. This is reflected in the tremendous enthusiasm generated in the on-going International Computer Show organized by Bangladesh Computer Smarty. It is expected that within the next 3 to 4 years, IT applications in Bangladesh would not only spread to various private and public sector offices and industrial units, but Bangladesh would emerge as a regional hub for software development.

Problems in IT sector: We have many problems in IT sector. Some of them are given bellow.

Brain drain: Bangladesh is a developing country. It’s education system is not mordant so a great number of our student go abroad for higher studies. But they don’t come back. So we lost our merit and stay backward.

E Banking: Bangladesh cannot start E-banking everywhere. so our banking is staying in old format. It also too much time for complete work. For the reason we are stay backwards.

Electrical transport system: Our transport system is not totally computerized so there are many problems in this sector. And we are stay backwards.

Computerize tax collecting system: Our tax collecting system is not computerized so our government is failed to collect 100% tax from the general mass.

Internet facilities: In rural areas internet connection is not available even in urban areas it is not totally available. So we fall backwards in the race of development. 80% of our student doesn’t about the advancement of internet in the field of education. Many mobile and private companies such as Grameenphon, Wi-fi, wi max try to give the internet facility but it is very costly and they have some limitations also. So the rural people cannot use the facilities properly.

 Educational system: Our educational system is also backdated so our students have not enough qualified as the developing countries.

IT market: Our markets are not totally computerized so our government lost a great amount of money. We have no software and hardware companies of our own. So we have to import the software and hardware tools from the outer world. So it is so much costly and rear. The number of Computer training center is very few in our country so we can’t go ahead.

Solution: the solutions of the problems are not too easy. If we to work hard to overcome the problems. We can follow the given instructions.

1. We have to arrange IT base curriculum and modern education system. We have to build more recharge & training center for saving brain drain.

2.   We have to start e-banking as early as possible. Some necessary steps should have taken by our government to start e-banking.

3. We have to provide internet facilities in rural area. For completing this job our telecommunication department can help us. Private companies like wi-fi & wi max can help us.

4. We have to increase its facilities in marketing to establish IT market and online market.

5.we have to build up software and hardware companies of our own anr try to do something better.

Some of the advantages of information technology include:

Globalization - IT has not only brought the world closer together, but it has allowed the world's economy to become a single interdependent system. This means that we can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we can also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a global village due to the help of information technology allowing countries like Chile and Japan who are not only separated by distance but also by language to shares ideas and information with each other.

Easy Communication - With the help of information technology, communication has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing.

Cost effectiveness - Information technology has helped to computerize the business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions.

Bridging the cultural gap - Information technology has helped to bridge the cultural gap by helping people from different cultures to communicate with one another, and allow for the exchange of views and ideas, thus increasing awareness and reducing prejudice.

More time - IT has made it possible for businesses to be open 24 x7 all over the globe. This means that a business can be open anytime anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more convenient. It also means that you can have your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to move a single muscle.

Creation of new jobs - Probably the best advantage of information technology is the creation of new and interesting jobs. Computer programmers, Systems analyzers, Hardware and Software developers and Web designers are just some of the many new employment opportunities created with the help of IT.
On line banking: with the help of it sector we can easily transfer our money in any corner of the world. It is very helpful for the spread of world trade and business. It is safer than old process. It also reduces the corruption. 

Some disadvantages of information technology include:

Unemployment - While information technology may have streamlined the business process it has also created job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done away with causing more people to become unemployed.

Privacy - Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge.

Lack of job security - Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This means that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for their job to be secure.

Dominant culture - While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. For example it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English becoming the primary mode of communication for business and everything else.

Suggestions: Bangladesh is a developing country. So for the betterment of the country we have to take some necessary step. Some of them are given billow:

A substantial number of educated unemployed youth force, with ability to read and write English, exists in the country. They can be trained in the required skill (particularly in Data Processing Services) within a short time. Quite a few Bangladeshi skilled professionals have been working abroad. They can be encouraged to return to the country and/or collaborate with Bangladeshi entrepreneurs, provided proper environment is created. Universities in Bangladesh are turning out an increasing number of graduates in Computer related subjects every year, although the number is much less than the requirement. A large number of Bangladeshi students are studying overseas in Computer related subjects. A wide range of Hardware platforms, from Mainframe to PC, are available. So for the betterment of the country we have to create educated manpower.

Scientific research and development is a vast field in which various Ministries, Government and Semi-Government agencies, universities and private enterprises participate. Coordination of scientific research in the research institutions and universities is extremely important. So we have to need more practice in university level.

 In recognition of the fact that the formulation of a comprehensive and coherent national science and technology policy, designed to contribute to the achievement of the country's development objectives, is necessary for the effective application of science and technology for development, the Government of Bangladesh considers it appropriate to formulate a new National Science and Technology Policy. The Policy is designed to fulfill the following primary aims:

- To attain scientific and technological competence and self-reliance, to help increase production and employment in various sectors and sub-sectors of the economy.

- To contribute to the world-wide pool of scientific and technological knowledge.

- To seek out and recognize high talents in various areas of science and technology.

- To strengthen cooperation in science and technology between developed and developing countries, and particularly among developing countries themselves.

-  To provide guideline for institutional arrangements or rearrangements in the education and training structure for attainment of the above objectives.

Establishment of scientific and research institutions/laboratories/Centers of Excellence where research of high quality can be carried out in selected areas of national importance:

Such institutions or center’s will provide for training facilities at the highest level and undertake major projects relevant to national development needs. With a few exceptions, establishment of new scientific research institution/laboratories/Centers of Excellence will be avoided, Attention will be given to judicious utilization of available resources for developing the existing institutions such as Universities, BAEC, BCSIR, BIRDEM, etc. into canters excellence. However, in view of the great potential of bio-technology for the developing countries, a National Institute will be established to carry out research on bio-technology: Other such centers of excellence would be in Computers and Lasers, Such 'centers of excellence' will be set up in different parts of the country with due regard to the availability of high grade manpower.

Establishment of scientific and research institutions/laboratories/Centers of Excellence where research of high quality can be carried out in selected areas of national importance:

Such institutions or centers will provide for training facilities at the highest level and undertake major projects relevant to national development needs. With a few exceptions, establishment of new scientific research institution/laboratories/Centers of Excellence will be avoided, Attention will be given to judicious utilization of available resources for developing the existing institutions such as Universities, BAEC, BCSIR, BIRDEM, etc. into centers excellence. However, in view of the great potential of bio-technology for the developing countries, a National Institute will be established to carry out research on bio-technology: Other such centers of excellence would be in Computers and Lasers, Such 'centers of excellence' will be set up in different parts of the country with due regard to the availability of high grade manpower

Improvement of standard of scientific knowledge at all levels from the school to the university: Adequate emphasis should be given on simple concepts of science and mathematics from the primary stage and the school curriculum should be oriented in such a way that problem solving skills of the pupils are enhanced and the inter-disciplinary character of science is reflected.

 Primary resources for education and training such as qualified teachers, physical facilities, equipment, books, journals, teaching aids, etc. should be ensured.

Adequate provision and proper arrangements for higher training and research in the universities should be made.

Access to higher education in science should be selective and based on merit which will be supported by liberal Government scholarships.

Opportunities including 'Open Universities' for expansion of science education may be introduced and to that end library services should also be expanded and improved.

Training of personnel and specialized scientific and technological staff in the research institutions/laboratories and industrial establishments:

Manpower training is an essential condition for technical progress. Therefore, policies for the enhancement of a scientific and technological manpower capacity shall ensure scientific and technological training at all levels.

Conclusion:  It is now generally realized that the inherent strength of a nation lies in the skills of its people which can be acquired and enhanced through the practice of science and technology in every field. The promotion of scientific knowledge and development of technology, through their increasing application, create the necessary conditions for socio-economic uplift of a country. Technological progress is thus the crucial determinant in the realization of the twin objectives of eradication of poverty and acceleration of socio-economic development.  Without a good hand in IT sector no nation can developed. So let’s go every body of us try to play a vital role in the field of IT, and try to create an IT base world for ourselves and our next generation.

Bibliography

1.     Oxford advance learning dictionary, 7^th edition.

2.     Kenneth C. Laudon, Carol Guercio Traver, Jane P. Laudon, Information Technology and Systems, Cambridge, MA: Course Technology, 1996.

3.     Stan Augarten, BIT By BIT: An Illustrated History of Computers (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1984).

4.     R. Moreau, The Computer Comes of Age: The People, the Hardware, and the Software, translated by J. Howlett (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984).

5.     Telephone History Web Site. http://www.cybercomm.net/~chuck/phones.html accessed 1998.

6.     Microsoft Museum. http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/museum/home.asp accessed 1998.